Engender blog

Engender launches report on how parties can take action to get more women elected

Today, Engender launches our new report “Beyond Promises: What works in getting more women elected”, exploring the use and impact of gender quotas and other Positive Action Measures (PAMs) in Scottish political parties. Find out more about the report below. 

The message is clear: women bring essential perspectives to politics, but they are still being pushed to the margins. 

Consistent use of positive action tools leads to better representation, but tokenism, cultural resistance, and lack of intersectionality continue to hold us back. From social media abuse to internal party resistance, the barriers are systemic and deeply entrenched. Yet, women also spoke of passion, purpose, and the drive to make politics better—not just for themselves, but for those who come after. 

Drawing on data from three election cycles (Holyrood 2021, Scottish Local Elections 2022, and UK General Election 2024), alongside survey responses from 159 women and 15 in-depth interviews, the report provides a detailed analysis of how PAMs have shaped women’s political representation in Scotland. 

• Quotas and PAMs are effective tools: The consistent use of PAMs correlates with higher levels of women’s representation. In 2021, women made up 45% of MSPs - the highest in Scottish Parliament history -largely due to quota use. However, this progress is fragile: women made up only 35% of Scottish MPs in the 2024 General Election and 35% of councillors in 2022, where PAMs were inconsistently applied. 
• No party has achieved gender parity across all levels of government, and the underrepresentation of Black and minority ethnic, disabled, and younger women remains stark. 
• Inconsistent application of PAMs leads to regression. 
• Labour and the Greens have a stronger track record with all-women shortlists, zipping and twinning, but remain inconsistent on a local level.  
• The SNP increasingly uses PAMs and has attempted to support disabled and minority ethnic candidates specifically, but the approach is not as consistent as necessary or is often applied in unwinnable seats.  
• The Liberal Democrats’ approach to implementing gender-balancing quotas has been mixed. Without a consistent framework, it heavily relies on individual internal champions.  
• The Conservatives often demonstrate opposition to quotas. However, some members are critical of this attitude and wish for internal reform. 

The evidence is clear: PAMs work, but only when applied consistently, strategically, and with a commitment to intersectionality, focusing on Black and minority ethnic, disabled and young women. Together, we can make politics a place where all women belong.

Equal Representation Development Officer Noomi Anyanwu states: 

“As Scotland approaches the 2026 and 2027 elections, political parties face a critical opportunity to embed meaningful change. Without action, recent gains risk being reversed. 

Some cross-cutting challenges when it comes to the application of positive action measures (PAMS) include tokenistic use of PAMs, cultural resistance within parties to their application, lack of intersectional approaches, the importance of local politics and legal uncertainty. 

The women we talked to told us that representation matters. That support networks matter. That visibility matters. And that change is not only necessary—it’s urgent.” 

Read the full report including vital recommendations for action here.

Invitation to Tender: Equal Representation 2025/26 Candidate Research.

Engender’s Equal Representation in Politics Project aims to help create a Scotland where there is sustainable equal representation of women in all their diversity in politics, ensuring women’s perspectives shape decision-making, reducing gender inequality, and creating better outcomes for women and society.

The project seeks to create change by encouraging all those who hold power to shape the political landscape, including political parties, councils, government, and parliament, to take action to increase the representation of women and improve levels of diversity among women’s representation.

We are seeking a consultant:

• To review and collate a list of women MSPs who have publicly stated that they intend to stand down before the Holyrood 2026 elections.
• To review and collate the reasons given publicly by these MSPs for reaching the decision to stand down.
• To compile a list of candidates for each major party for the Holyrood 2021, broken down by protected characteristic where possible.
• To compile a list of candidates for each major party for the Holyrood 2026, broken down by protected characteristic where possible.
• To create and circulate a survey, and analyse and collate findings, of all women MSPs standing down on the factors that influenced their decision.

The deadline for tenders to be submitted is 5pm, Monday 15th September.

Please find all the details and how to apply, here.

Engender launches report on women’s experience of the election process 

Today, Engender has launched a new report: Women’s political journey: Exploring the election process and women’s experiences of abuse, exclusion and bias, including vital recommendations for improvement. Find out more about the report below.

“Someone said to me [during the election] and I quote, ‘we can’t win here with someone who looks like her.” 

The political arena is becoming increasingly hostile, especially for women and marginalised women.

Engender’s new report ‘Women’s Political Journey’ explores the candidate journey—from preparing to stand as a candidate, including all the interview and vetting processes, to being elected and what happens after.  

There is still an image of the ideal candidate as white, middle-class, able-bodied, and male. For anyone who falls outside these categories, this means being prepared for additional barriers.  

Our report shows that over 70% of respondents to a question on forms of abuse reported experiencing online harassment or trolling during their campaign. Only 11% felt “very safe” during their campaign period.

A survey respondent told us:

“I have been spat on, shouted at, abused and physically shoved countless times.”  

Sexist bullying is a persistent problem within some branches and local parties, with findings indicating that disabled and minoritised women may be at increased risk. These experiences can cause women to question their positions and political futures. It is widely recognised that social media presents significant risks for women in politics, with Black and minority ethnic women at greatest risk. 

57% of our survey respondents felt that positive action measures (PAMs) like quotas or all-women shortlists are ‘resented’ by some party members who feel their use is unfair or unnecessary. As has been reported to us, white men especially refuse to make space for other groups if it means sharing their privilege. Others reported only tokenistic acceptance of PAMs, reducing the ultimate impact of measures.  

Very few parties are consistently collecting equalities monitoring information on prospective candidates. This is vital when it comes to ensuring candidate diversity and proportionate representation of Scotland’s communities. 

Equal Representation Development Officer Noomi Anyanwu states: 

“Abuse, lack of support, and biases were reported widely among our survey participants and interviewees. Nearly 30% would not recommend candidacy to underrepresented groups. It’s understandable considering what women must endure to make it as politicians, but we don’t want to settle for this.” 

“Change needs to happen, so we urge political parties, governments, councils, and other stakeholders to implement measures and commit to equal and diverse representation. I want to see at least 50% women in our parliaments—for that to happen, we need to see a real culture change first.” 

Read the full report including vital recommendations for action here.

Why we need better data collection to improve women’s representation

We’ve written to the Minister of State for Women and Equalities, Annelise Dodds MP, calling on the UK Government to enact Section 106 of the Equality Act 2010.

Access to robust, intersectional data on the protected characteristics of our elected representatives is vital in ensuring high-quality democracy. Without this information, it’s very difficult to map the causes – or create solutions to – the chronic underrepresentation of women – especially Black & minoritised women, disabled women LBT women, and young women.

Although the legal framework exists to require parties to track the diversity of their candidates and representatives, very little reliable data is publicly available. What information we do have is inconsistent and poorly documented, making it hard to see progress over time or take steps to improve representation.

Section 106, which has never been put into effect, would require political parties to collect and publish basic equality data. Enacting it would give us much better insight into the demographics of our representatives, and help us take the action needed to improve women’s representation at all levels of politics.

Read the full letter here.